Ultrasound as a Tool for Initial Diagnosis of Bone Lesions in Children Has Good Predictive Values: A Prospective Study From a University Hospital.

Pediatric bone injuries are traditionally diagnosed using radiography. However, ultrasonography is emerging as an alternative due to its speed and minimal invasiveness. This study assessed the diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound before radiography in a group of 186 children with suspected long bone fractures at Saint Etienne University Hospital (Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France). Patients with open trauma and severe deformity were excluded. Ultrasonography demonstrated 88.2% sensitivity and 86.4% specificity, with better results for forearm injuries. Of the 186 cases, 162 were consistent with radiography and 24 varied. Factors influencing an accurate diagnosis included the presence of indirect signs, operator experience, and examination duration, while indirect signs often led to misinterpretation. Although ultrasound cannot completely replace radiography due to its limitations in identifying deeper fractures, this study revealed its substantial efficacy and ease, supporting its potential utility in pediatric trauma emergencies.

Evaluation of Scorpion Stings in Children.

INTRODUCTION: Scorpion stings are a significant public health problem in many parts of the world. Children are at a higher risk of developing severe complications from scorpion envenoming, including cardiac, respiratory, and neurologic complications. In Turkey, members of the Buthidae family are the most common culprits in severe envenoming events. METHODS: This retrospective-descriptive study was conducted in Turkey. Children aged 0 to 18 y admitted to the emergency department of Kahta State Hospital between December 2017 and December 2020 were included in the study. Patient information was reviewed, and 78 patients with complete demographic, laboratory, and clinical data were included in the study. RESULTS: Out of the 78 patients, 24.4% were six years old or younger while the 75.6% were older than six years. Alpha blocker was given to 12.8% of the patients, and antivenom was given to 43.6% of the patients. Of the 78 patients, 71.8% were followed up in the emergency department, 21.8% were followed up in the inpatient unit, and 6.4% were followed up in the intensive care unit. Two patients (2.6%) died within 1 month. There was a significant difference regarding lactate dehydrogenase value according to the sting site (P=0.014). Lactate dehydrogenase values of patients stung on the head and neck and upper extremity were higher than those of patients bitten on lower extremities. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated levels of specific laboratory parameters, such as leukocytes, aspartate transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase, are linked to worse outcomes. Additionally, stings on the head, neck, and upper extremities are more strongly associated with severity. These findings guide tailored treatment strategies for scorpion stings, with the potential for further refinement through broader studies across diverse regions and populations.

Traumatismos en neonatos que acuden al departamento de emergencias pediátricas: frecuencia, mecanismos y formas de presentación

Introduccion: La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) estima que aproximadamente 100 niños mueren cada hora a causa de lesiones traumáticas. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia, mecanismos y tipos de traumatismos en los neonatos en el departamento de emergencias pediátricas de un hospital. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, ambispectivo. Se incluyeron neonatos con diagnóstico de traumatismo que acudieron al departamento de emergencias pediátricas de un hospital desde enero del 2015 a diciembre del 2019. Variables: edad, sexo, procedencia, peso de nacimiento, edad gestacional, tipo de parto, mecanismo y tipo de traumatismo y evolución, Los datos se analizaron en SPSS. El protocolo fue aprobado por el comité de ética. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 90 neonatos, la frecuencia de traumatismo fue del 1,4%, la media de la edad fue de 14,6 ±7,7 días. El 92% nacieron por parto vaginal ,27% macrosómicos. El mecanismo del trauma fue obstétrico en 75,6%, accidentes en la casa 23,3 %y 1 caso de accidente de tránsito. Los tipos de lesiones fueron fracturas de huesos largos, en 47,8%, lesión del plexo braquial 15,5% y traumatismo cráneo encefálico 13,33%. Fueron hospitalizados el 10%. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de traumatismo neonatal en la urgencia pediátrica fue del 1,4%. La edad media fue 14,6 ±7,7dias. El 75,6% fue de origen obstétrico y 23,3% accidentes en la casa y 1 caso de accidente de tránsito. Los tipos de lesiones fueron fracturas de huesos largos, 47,8%, lesión del plexo braquial 15,5% y 13,3% traumatismo cráneo encefálico 13,3%.

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 100 children die every hour from traumatic injuries. Objective: To describe the frequency, mechanisms and types of trauma in neonates in the pediatric emergency department of a hospital. Materials and methods: This was an observational, descriptive, transversal, and ambispective study. Neonates with a diagnosis of trauma who presented to the pediatric emergency department of a hospital from January 2015 to December 2019 were included. Variables: age, sex, town of origin, birth weight, gestational age, type of delivery, mechanism and type of trauma and evolution, Data were analyzed in SPSS. The protocol was approved by the ethics committee. Results: 90 neonates were included, the frequency of trauma was 1.4%, the mean age was 14.6 ±7.7 days. 92% were born by vaginal delivery, 27% were macrosomic at birth. The mechanism of trauma was obstetric in 75.6%, accidents at home in 23.3% and there was 1 case of a traffic accident. The types of injuries were long bone fractures, seen in 47.8%, brachial plexus injury in 15.5%, and head trauma in 13.33%. 10% were hospitalized. Conclusions: The frequency of neonatal trauma in the pediatric emergency was 1.4%. The mean age was 14.6 ±7.7 days. 75.6% were obstetric in origin and 23.3% were accidents at home and 1 case of a traffic accident. The types of injuries were long bone fractures in 47.8%, brachial plexus injury in 15.5%, and head trauma in 13.3%.

Implementation and evaluation of a palliative care training unit for EMS providers.

Background: The prevalence of children with life-limiting conditions (LLCs) is rising. It is characteristic for these children to require 24/7 care. In emergencies, families must decide to call the emergency medical service (EMS) or a palliative care team (PCT)-if available. For EMS teams, an emergency in a child with an LLC is a rare event. Therefore, EMS providers asked for a training unit (TU) to improve their knowledge and skills in pediatric palliative care. Aim of the study: The questions were as follows: whether a TU is feasible, whether its integration into the EMS training program was accepted, and whether an improvement of knowledge can be achieved. Methods: We designed and implemented a brief TU based on findings of a previous study that included 1,005 EMS providers. The topics covered were: (1) basics in palliative home care, (2) theoretical aspects, and (3) practical aspects. After participating in the TU, the participants were given a questionnaire to re-evaluate their learning gains and self-confidence in dealing with emergencies in pediatric patients with LLC. Results: 782 (77.8%) of 1,005 participants of the previous study responded to the questionnaire. The average age was 34.9 years (±10.7 years SD), and 75.3% were male. The average work experience was 11.4 years (±9.5 years SD), and 15.2% were medical doctors. We found an increase in theoretical knowledge and enhanced self-confidence in dealing with emergencies in patients with LLC (confidence: before training: 3.3 ± 2.0 SD; after training: 5.7 ± 2.1 SD; min.: 1; max.: 10; p < 0.001). The participants changed their approaches to a fictitious case report from more invasive to less invasive treatment. Most participants wanted to communicate directly with PCTs and demanded a standard operating procedure (SOP) for treating patients with LLC. We discussed a proposal for an SOP with the participants. Conclusion: EMS providers want to be prepared for emergencies in children with LLCs. A brief TU can improve their knowledge and confidence to handle these situations adequately. This TU is the first step to improve collaboration between PCTs and EMS teams.

Prevalence and severity of pediatric emergencies in a German helicopter emergency service: implications for training and service configuration.

This study primarily aims to determine the frequency of life-threatening conditions among pediatric patients served by the DRF, a German helicopter emergency service (HEMS) provider. It also seeks to explore the necessity of invasive procedures in this population, discussing the implications for HEMS crew training and service configuration based on current literature. We analyzed the mission registry from 31 DRF helicopter bases in Germany, focusing on 7954 children aged 10 or younger over a 5-year period (2014-2018). Out of 7954 identified children (6.2% of all primary missions), 2081 (26.2%) had critical conditions. Endotracheal intubation was needed in 6.5% of cases, while alternative airway management methods were rare (n = 14). Half of the children required intravenous access, and 3.6% needed intraosseous access. Thoracostomy thoracentesis and sonography were only performed in isolated cases.  Conclusions: Critically ill or injured children are infrequent in German HEMS operations. Our findings suggest that the likelihood of HEMS teams encountering such cases is remarkably low. Besides endotracheal intubation, life-saving invasive procedures are seldom necessary. Consequently, we conclude that on-the-job training and mission experience alone are insufficient for acquiring and maintaining the competencies needed to care for critically ill or injured children. What is Known: • Pediatric emergencies are relatively rare in the prehospital setting, but their incidence is higher in helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) compared to ground-based emergency services. What is New: • On average, HEMS doctors in Germany encounter a critically ill or injured child approximately every 1.5 years in their practice, establish an IV or IO access in infants or toddlers every 2 years, and intubate an infant every 46 years. • This low frequency highlights the insufficiency of on-the-job training alone to develop and maintain pediatric skills among HEMS crews. Specific interdisciplinary training for HEMS crews is needed to ensure effective care for critically unwell pediatric patients.

Systemic review of age brackets in pediatric emergency medicine literature and the development of a universal age classification for pediatric emergency patients - the Munich Age Classification System (MACS).

Currently arbitrary, inconsistent and non-evidence-based age cutoffs are used in the literature to classify pediatric emergencies. None of these classifications have valid medical rationale. This leads to confusion and poor comparability of the different study results. To clarify this problem, this paper presents a systematic review of the commonly used age limits from 115 relevant articles. In the literature search 6226 articles were screened. To be included, the articles had to address the following three topics: "health services research in emergency medicine", "pediatrics" and "age as a differentiator". Physiologic and anatomic principles with reference to emergency medicine were used to solve the problem to create a medically based age classification for the first time.The Munich Age Classification System (MACS) presented in this paper is thus consistent with previous literature and is based on medical evidence. In the future, MAC should lead to ensure that a uniform classification is used. This will allow a better comparability of study results and enable meta-analyses across studies.

Descriptive analysis of infant population younger than 1 year admitted for BRUE.

INTRODUCTION: In 2016, the American Academy of Pediatrics defined the brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE) of high and low risk to characterize fainting in infants under 1 year of age. In the case of low-risk BRUE, it is recommended to perform no further systematic examination, but to monitor the child with a saturometer in the emergency room for 1-4 h. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify events corresponding to high- and low-risk BRUE criteria for infants admitted to the Angers University Hospital Center, and to analyze their medical care. METHOD: We conducted an observational, retrospective, descriptive and single-center study of the population of infants younger than 1 year admitted for an unexplained event to the Pediatric Emergency Department of Angers University Hospital Center between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2019. Two patient databases were crossed to identify patients. RESULTS: Among the 203 patients presenting for fainting, 54 patients met the criteria for BRUE, including 40 high-risk BRUE and 14 low-risk BRUE cases. All complementary examinations performed on low-risk BRUE children were normal. Two of these patients had a recurrence of non-severe fainting several months after the first episode. CONCLUSION: Identification of infants according to the BRUE criteria helps to harmonize practices and to limit the number of complementary examinations or hospitalizations for low-risk BRUE.

Prehospital emergency medicine for children receiving palliative home care in Germany-a cross-sectional, exploratory study of EMS providers.

Background: The prevalence of children with life-limiting conditions is rising, and since the amendment of the social insurance code in Germany, palliative home care teams have treated an increasing number of children. These teams provide 24/7 readiness, yet some parents still call the general emergency medical service (EMS) for various reasons. EMS is exposed to complex medical problems in rare diseases. Questions arose about the experiences of EMS and whether they felt prepared for emergencies involving children treated by a palliative care team. Methods: This study used a mixed methods approach to focus on the interface between palliative care and EMS. First, open interviews were conducted, and a questionnaire was developed based on the results. The variables included demographic items and individual experiences with patients. Second, a case report of a child with respiratory insufficiency was presented to assess the spontaneous treatment intentions of EMS providers. Finally, the need, relevant topics, and duration of specific training in palliative care for EMS providers were evaluated. Results: In total, 1,005 EMS providers responded to the questionnaire. The average age was 34.5 years (±10.94SD), 74.6% were male. The average work experience was 11.8 years (±9.7), 21.4% were medical doctors. Experience with a call of a life-threatening emergency involving a child was reported by 61.5% and severe psychological distress during such a call was reported by 60.4%. The equivalent distress frequency for adult patient calls was 38.3%. (p < 0.001). After review of the case report, the EMS respondents suggested invasive treatment options and rapid transport to the hospital. Most (93.7%) respondents welcomed the consideration of special training in pediatric palliative care. This training should include basic information about palliative care, an analysis of cases involving palliatively treated children, an ethical perspective, practical recommendations, and available (24/7) local contact for further guidance and support. Conclusion: Emergencies in pediatric palliatively treated patients were more common than expected. EMS providers perceived the situations as stressful, and there is a need for specific training with practical aspects.

Impacto del confinamiento en el patrón epidemiológico del traumatismo pediátrico / Impact of confinement on the epidemiologic pattern of pediatric trauma

Introducción: El trauma es unas de las causas principales de morbilidad y mortalidad en la infancia. El aislamiento de la población durante la pandemia de 2020 provocó cambios en la frecuencia y gravedad de los traumatismos pediátricos, debido a las modificaciones y restricciones en la dinámica social, el miedo al contagio y la reorganización de la atención sanitaria. Objetivos. Analizar el efecto que tiene el confinamiento de la población infantil en los patrones epidemiológicos y la asistencia sanitaria de urgencias a los traumatismos pediátricos, tomando como referencia un hospital de tercer nivel. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo, comparativo y descriptivo. Análisis de los pacientes atendidos por traumatismo a cualquier nivel en el Servicio de Urgencias de un hospital de tercer nivel, durante los primeros quince días de confinamiento (marzo 2020), comparándolo con el mismo periodo prepandemia. Resultados. Del total de 388 pacientes, 40 fueron atendidos durante el confinamiento (88,5% menos que el mismo periodo del año anterior). La media de edad del grupo prepandemia fue significativamente superior. La gravedad, medida con el Índice de Trauma Pediátrico (ITP), fue mayor en pacientes del grupo confinamiento. El lugar más frecuente de lesión durante la pandemia fue en el domicilio, con un aumento de lesiones de localización facial. Conclusiones. Durante el aislamiento poblacional en la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 se produjo una disminución en la demanda de la atención de traumas pediátricos en Urgencias, objetivándose un aumento en la gravedad de los niños atendidos. El confinamiento de la población produjo cambios en los patrones de lesión, así como en la localización de las lesiones más frecuentes.(AU)

Introduction: Trauma is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in childhood. The isolation of the population during the 2020 pandemic caused changes in the frequency and severity of pediatric trauma, due to modifications and restrictions in social dynamics, fear of contagion and reorganization of health care. Objectives. To analyze the impact of the confinement of the pediatric population on epidemiological patterns and emergency health care for pediatric trauma, taking a tertiary level hospital as a reference. Material and methods. Retrospective, comparative and descriptive study. Analysis of patients treated for trauma at any level in the Emergency Department of a tertiary hospital, during the first fifteen days of confinement (March 2020), compared with the same pre-pandemic period. Results. Of the total of 388 patients, 40 were seen during confinement (88.5% less than the same period of the previous year). The mean age of the pre-pandemic group was significantly higher. The severity in patients in the confinement group was higher than in pre-pandemic patients. The most frequent site of injury during confinement was at home, with an increase in facial injuries. Conclusions. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there was a decrease in the demand for pediatric trauma emergency care, with an increase in the severity of the children seen. There were changes in injury patterns, as well as in the location of the most frequent lesions.(AU)

Contained Jejunal Perforation Secondary to Ingestion of Magnet Balls in a Nonfatal Drowning Child.

Most ingested foreign bodies often pass through the gastrointestinal tract uneventfully; however, complications such as perforation do occur. Jejunal perforation is a known complication of abdominal trauma. While gastrointestinal tract injury due to the ingested foreign body such as a toothpick, fishbone, and battery among others are common, jejunal perforation is not very common in pediatrics. We report an unusual case of jejunal perforation that was diagnosed after a child was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit for nonfatal drowning. A 15-month-old girl presented to our emergency room after she was found submerged in a swimming pool. She was unwitnessed for about ten minutes. At the scene, she was apneic, and cyanotic but had a pulse. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was started and she was brought to our emergency room. She was managed for her drowning injuries and was accidentally found to have a foreign body on her abdomen by x-ray. She had no signs or symptoms of perforation, however, after questioning the parents they told us that they brought her a toy containing magnet balls about one month ago. After stabilizing her respiratory status and correcting her acidosis, an upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy was done that showed jejunal perforation and multiple magnets. A consultation was done immediately for the pediatric surgery team then the perforation was repaired. High-powered magnets represent a serious health hazard if ingested due to risks of gastrointestinal perforation. It is important to have a high index of suspicion for potential injuries, especially silent ones. One of the rare complications is contained jejunal perforation.

Impacto COVID-19 en la urgencia y hospitalización de un hospital terciario. Lecciones de gestión aprendidas / COVID-19 impact on the emergency and hospitalization of a tertiary hospital. Management lessons learned

Introducción: El objetivo es analizar el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en las urgencias e ingresos hospitalarios pediátricos. Métodos: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo, de los pacientes atendidos en un hospital terciario, desde el 14 de marzo hasta el 26 de abril de 2020 comparándose con el mismo periodo de los 3 años anteriores. Resultados: Se observa una notable reducción global de las visitas a urgencias e ingresos en todas las áreas pediátricas, manteniéndose la asistencia en neonatología y los ingresos programados en oncología. Discusión: La reducción de la actividad global en la urgencia pediátrica no es solo explicable por la disminución de las enfermedades transmisibles. Ha podido contribuir la disminución de la demanda inadecuada y de los ingresos inapropiados. La disponibilidad de camas pediátricas haría innecesaria la reducción de la actividad quirúrgica programada y permitiría redistribuir recursos a áreas con mayor presión asistencial.(AU)

Introduction: The objective is to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the pediatric emergencies and hospital admissions. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of patients treated in a tertiary hospital, from March 14 to April 26, 2020, compared to the same period of the previous 3 years. Results: A notable overall reduction in emergency room visits and admissions is observed in all pediatric areas, maintaining care in neonatology and scheduled admissions in oncology. Discussion: The reduction in global activity in pediatric emergencies is not only explained by the decrease in contagious diseases. The decrease in inadequate demand and inappropriate income may have contributed. The availability of pediatric beds would make the reduction of programmed surgical activity unnecessary and would allow the redistribution of resources to areas with greater healthcare pressure.(AU)

The German Guidelines for Medication Safety in Pediatric Emergencies.

Medication errors are a significant threat to the safety of patients of all ages. These errors are more common in children than in adults due to age specific drug dosages, drug dilutions and individual dose calculation based on body weight. In addition, it may be necessary to rapidly administer several potentially harmful or even life-threatening drugs during the emergency situation. It is not possible to provide specialized pediatric emergency teams for every prehospital or intra-hospital emergency and technical resources are frequently not identical to those of a specialized facility further increasing the risk of medication errors. This narrative review of the German Guidelines for Medication Safety in Pediatric Emergencies introduces the main principles for medication safety in pediatric emergencies and the highlights its most important pragmatic measures and recommendations.

COVID-19 impact on the emergency and hospitalization of a tertiary hospital. Management lessons learned.

INTRODUCTION: The objective is to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the pediatric emergencies and hospital admissions. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of patients treated in a tertiary hospital, from March 14 to April 26, 2020, compared to the same period of the previous 3 years. RESULTS: A notable overall reduction in emergency room visits and admissions is observed in all pediatric areas, maintaining care in neonatology and scheduled admissions in oncology. DISCUSSION: The reduction in global activity in pediatric emergencies is not only explained by the decrease in contagious diseases. The decrease in inadequate demand and inappropriate income may have contributed. The availability of pediatric beds would make the reduction of programmed surgical activity unnecessary and would allow the redistribution of resources to areas with greater healthcare pressure.

Academic Pediatric Surgery Capacity Building in Vietnam Through PASS, a Pediatric Acute Surgical Support Course.

Neonatal and pediatric surgical emergencies in Low and Low Middle Income countries remain a significant challenge in combatting the burden and inequities of global health. IPSAC-Vietnam is a small Non-Governmental Organization that has been engaged in a 12-year multi-pronged partnership with several children's hospitals in Vietnam VN to enhance pediatric surgery capacity. We describe the health care, medical training and emergency system in VN as the background for IPSAC activities and development of Pediatric Acute Surgical Support (PASS) course. The course goal is to prepare health care personnel in the immediate management of neonatal/pediatric life-threatening surgical conditions and road injuries at their first point of entry into Vietnam hospitals. PASS is a horizontal outreach initiative that adopts an interprofessional, multidisciplinary, team-training, train-the-trainers, and outcome-based training approach. PASS can be used as a tool for sustainable horizontal capacity-building by champion leaders at the teaching children's hospitals and medical universities in developing countries, to strengthen training for pediatric surgical emergencies, to integrate pediatric and pediatric surgical care and to advocate for a comprehensive approach to emergency care of the critically ill child.

Alteraciones cutáneas en neonatos que consultan en el departamento de urgencias pediátricas de un hospital público

RESUMEN Introducción: Los procesos dermatológicos pediátricos son problemas frecuentes a los que se enfrentan los pediatras durante la consulta Como tales debe estar familiarizados con las patologías cutáneas más comunes del recién nacido. Es de suma importancia realizar un diagnóstico correcto e instaurar una terapia adecuada para el futuro bienestar del niño que está iniciando su vida. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia y los tipos de alteraciones o lesiones cutáneas en neonatos que acuden al departamento de emergencias pediátricas de un hospital de referencia. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo, transversal. Se evaluó neonatos que consultaron por lesiones en la piel en el Departamento de emergencias pediátricas de agosto a diciembre de 2018. Variables: Edad, sexo, procedencia, vía de nacimiento, edad gestacional, ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales, tipo y extensión de las lesiones, síntomas asociados, y diagnósticos. Análisis de datos: SPSS v21 utilizando estadísticas descriptivas. Protocolo aceptado por el comité de ética institucional con consentimiento informado de los padres. Resultados: Fueron atendidos 416 neonatos, de los cuales 19,2% (N=80) consultaron por lesiones cutáneas, 32,5% (26/80) fueron pápulas, ampollas 1,3% (1/80), siendo 68,8% (55/80) localizadas. El diagnóstico de mayor frecuencia fue eritema tóxico en 21,3% (17/80). La fiebre estuvo asociada en 6,3% (5/80) a las infecciones de piel y un neonato presento sepsis bacteriana con puerta de entrada cutánea. Conclusiones: las lesiones cutáneas más frecuentes fueron las lesiones transitorias. El eritema toxico fue la alteración cutánea predominante. Las infecciones de piel se presentaron en el 25% % en neonatos

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pediatric dermatological processes are frequent problems that pediatricians face during consultation. As such, they must be familiar with the most common skin pathologies of the newborn. It is extremely important to make a correct diagnosis and establish an appropriate therapy for the future well-being of the child who is beginning his life. Objective: To determine the frequency and types of alterations or skin lesions in newborns who present to the pediatric emergency department of a reference hospital. Materials and Methods: This was an observational, descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional study. Newborns who consulted for skin lesions in the Pediatric Emergency Department from August to December 2018 were evaluated. Variables were age, sex, place of origin, route of birth, gestational age, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, type and extension of injuries, associated symptoms, and diagnoses. Data analysis: SPSS v21 using descriptive statistics. Our protocol was accepted by the institutional ethics committee, parental informed consent was obtained. Results: 416 newborns were treated, of which 19.2% (N=80) consulted for skin lesions, 32.5% (26/80) were papules, blisters 1.3% (1/80), 68,8% (55/80) were localized findings. The most frequent diagnosis was toxic erythema in 21.3% (17/80). Fever was associated in 6.3% (5/80) with skin infections and one newborn presented with bacterial sepsis from a cutaneous entry portal. Conclusions: the most frequent skin lesions were transient lesions. Toxic erythema was the predominant cutaneous alteration. Skin infections occurred in 25% % in newborns.

An Analysis of Stress Concerning Pediatric Emergency Care Nurses.

Objective The aim of this study was an exploratory evaluation of the association between the stressors and stress levels of nurses offering care to critically ill pediatric patients based on their clinical experience and working department in a university hospital. Methods The data were collected in October 2018 by administering a self-reporting questionnaire to 169 nurses. The initial analysis compared the anxiety levels between the nurse groups based on their workspace. The next analysis estimated the correlation between the total nursing care and stress levels related to caring for critically ill pediatric patients. We assessed the stress level using the visual analog scale (VAS) score and the total duration of working in the hospital, emergency department (ED), and pediatric department among the three nurse groups. Results Overall, 149 (88%) nurses responded to our survey. More nurses from the ED group completed the Advanced Life Support course (19% vs. 3% vs. 7%, p=0.032), and the total VAS scores of the ED group were significantly higher than those of the other groups (median: 80 vs. 56 vs. 54, p=0.005). In the ED group, the total VAS scores negatively correlated with the total duration of working in the hospital (r=-0.292, p=0.022), ED (r=-0.266, p=0.037), and pediatric department (r=-0.505, p<0.001). In the pediatric ward group, the total VAS scores negatively correlated with the total duration of working in the hospital(r=-0.322, p=0.014) and pediatric department (r=-0.375, p=0.004). In the ED group, the proportion of patients who had high anxiety levels with a short duration of working in the pediatric department was significantly higher than that of patients with a long duration of working in the pediatric department (51% vs. 11%, p=0.028). Conclusions The ED nurses, especially those with less clinical experience in pediatric care, felt anxious about pediatric emergency care more strongly than those in the other groups, regardless of age and disease. Establishing a pediatric medical care set and conducting off-the-job training might contribute to reducing anxiety related to pediatric emergency care.

Pediatric E.N.T. emergencies during COVID-19 pandemic: our experience.

Our aim is to analyze effect of covid-19 pandemic in management of pediatric emergencies in E.N.T. and to provide recommendations for management of pediatric emergencies in E.N.T. during pandemic. In this retrospective study we included emergency pediatric cases required early intervention during covid-19 pandemic. Pre operative radiological investigation x-ray was done in all aero digestive foreign body patients. Pre operative HRCT neck and chest with virtual bronchoscopy in foreign body inhalation & compromised airway patients was done only in cases where patient's clinical condition was stable. Similarly RT PCR for covid-19 screening done only in cases where patient's clinical condition was stable. Adequate personal protective equipment was used during all the procedures. Total 29 Pediatric patients age ranging from 1 day to 13 years underwent procedures due to history of foreign body inhalation; ingestion, insertion and compromised airway in form of immediate endotracheal intubation were included. Comprehensively we recommend intervention only in emergency procedures during pandemic, use of personal protective equipment during all procedures, preoperative investigations for diagnosis and modifications in operation theatre, anesthesia and surgical techniques to reduce aerosols generation will minimize risk of infection transmission to health care workers.

Comparison of Four Methods of Paramedic Continuing Education in the Management of Pediatric Emergencies.

Introduction: Finite resources limit the amount of time EMS agencies can dedicate to continuing education in pediatric emergencies. EMS instructors need effective, efficient, and affordable educational strategies for these high-risk, low frequency events.Objective: To compare the effectiveness of four training methods in management of pediatric emergencies for paramedics.Methods: A validated, performance-based, simulated clinical assessment module was used to provide a baseline measurement of paramedics' resuscitation skills during three simulated pediatric emergencies. Educational modules were developed that targeted deficiencies identified by the baseline assessment, including advanced pediatric life support skills, airway management, use of the Broselow-Luten Tape®, pediatric drug dose calculations and drug delivery, seizure management, and trauma assessment. Paramedics from five EMS agencies in Michigan were randomized to four education intervention groups. The control group used an existing, online, continuing education course. Three experimental groups were exposed to the same content during five, one-hour sessions conducted over 2.5 years. Instruction was delivered using high-fidelity, simulated case-based training, low-fidelity simulation training, or lecture with procedural skills lab, based on group assignment. After the training, all groups were tested within 4-6 months using methods identical to baseline testing.Results: One hundred forty-seven subjects completed the study. There were no differences in baseline skill levels among the four groups. Only the low fidelity simulation training group demonstrated improvement of combined scenario scores (p = 0.0008). Scores for targeted skills improved in one scenario in the high-fidelity group, two in the low-fidelity group, one in the lecture/lab group, and none in the control group.Conclusions: Although improvements in those skills included in the training were found in three groups, two hours of training in pediatric emergencies per year was insufficient to produce a substantial improvement overall. Expensive, high-fidelity simulators were not necessary for teaching pediatric resuscitation skills to paramedics; instructive scenarios using low-fidelity manikins and debriefings appear to be adequate. The content delivered by an online refresher course did not provide any improvement in performance as measured by simulated, case-based assessments.

[Blended Learning With Virtual Pediatric Emergency Patients for Medical Students]. / Blended Learning mit Virtuellen Kindernotfallpatientinnen und -patienten für Studierende.

Blended Learning With Virtual Pediatric Emergency Patients for Medical Students Abstract. Treating critically ill children is a major challenge for learners. Medical Students often feel inadequately prepared for their later role as physicians. This article describes the implementation and evaluation of blended learning using virtual patients (VP) during the student rotation at the pediatric emergency department Inselspital Bern. Students rated the project as highly beneficial and recommended its integration into the entire clinical curriculum.